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    Evaluation of the DNA damaging potential of cannabis cigarette smoke by the determination of acetaldehyde derived N2-ethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts.

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    Authors
    Singh, Rajinder
    Sandhu, Jatinderpal
    Kaur, Balvinder
    Juren, Tina
    Steward, William P.
    Segerback, Dan
    Farmer, Peter B.
    Issue Date
    2009-06
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Abstract
    Acetaldehyde is an ubiquitous genotoxic compound that has been classified as a possible carcinogen to humans. It can react with DNA to form primarily a Schiff base N(2)-ethylidene-2'-deoxyguanosine (N(2)-ethylidene-dG) adduct. An online column-switching valve liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) selected reaction monitoring (SRM) method was developed for the determination of N(2)-ethylidene-dG adducts in DNA following reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH(3)CN) to the chemically stable N(2)-ethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (N(2)-ethyl-dG) adduct. Accurate quantitation of the adduct was obtained by the addition of the [(15)N(5)]N(2)-ethyl-dG stable isotope-labeled internal standard prior to enzymatic hydrolysis of the DNA samples to 2'-deoxynucleosides with the incorporation of NaBH(3)CN in the DNA hydrolysis buffer. The method required 50 microg of hydrolyzed DNA on column for the analysis, and the limit of detection for N(2)-ethyl-dG was 2.0 fmol. The analysis of calf thymus DNA treated in vitro with acetaldehyde (ranging from 0.5 to 100 mM) or with the smoke generated from 1, 5, and 10 cannabis cigarettes showed linear dose-dependent increases in the level of N(2)-ethyl-dG adducts (r = 0.954 and r = 0.999, respectively). Similar levels (332.8 +/- 21.9 vs 348.4 +/- 19.1 adducts per 10(8) 2'-deoxynucleosides) of N(2)-ethyl-dG adducts were detected following the exposure of calf thymus DNA to 10 tobacco or 10 cannabis cigarettes. No significant difference was found in the levels of N(2)-ethyl-dG adducts in human lung DNA obtained from nonsmokers (n = 4) and smokers (n = 4) with the average level observed as 13.3 +/- 0.7 adducts per 10(8) 2'-deoxynucleosides. No N(2)-ethyl-dG adducts were detected in any of the DNA samples following analysis with the omission of NaBH(3)CN from the DNA hydrolysis buffer. In conclusion, these results provide evidence for the DNA damaging potential of cannabis smoke, implying that the consumption of cannabis cigarettes may be detrimental to human health with the possibility to initiate cancer development.
    Citation
    Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2009, 22 (6):1181-1188
    Journal
    Chemical Research in Toxicology
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10146/114460
    DOI
    10.1021/tx900106y
    PubMed ID
    19449825
    Additional Links
    http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/tx900106y
    Type
    Article
    Language
    en
    ISSN
    1520-5010
    Sponsors
    We acknowledge the following financial support: the Environmental Cancer Risk, Nutrition and Individual Susceptibility, a European Union Network of Excellence (ECNIS, Contract No. FOOD-CT-2005-513943), ECNIS Type B project
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1021/tx900106y
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